Environmental Design Elements in Library Spaces: A Virtual Reality Study of Psychophysiological Responses to Color, Material, and Lighting in Built Environments

ABSTRACT This study explores how environmental design elements in library spaces influence human psychophysiological responses using virtual reality (VR). Thirty participants experienced VR simulations of library reading areas, with variations in wall color, flooring material, and lighting intensity, whereas electroencephalography (EEG) and galvanic skin response (GSR) measured physiological reactions alongside subjective ratings. Moderate lighting (20,000–30,000 cd) minimized arousal and supported attention, while white walls enhanced relaxation via increased alpha brain activity. Green plant walls slightly boosted attention‐related beta activity, and wood flooring was rated highest for comfort and naturalness. VR enabled precise control of design variables, advancing environmental psychology research. These findings offer evidence‐based guidelines for designing public spaces like libraries to enhance user well‐being and cognitive performance, with implications for educational and public buildings.