Perceived Risk Factors of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Nurses and Midwives in Northern Ghana: An Exploratory Mixed-Method Study

The study aimed to identify and explore the perceived risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among nurses and midwives in two major referral hospitals in Northern Ghana. The study employed a cross-sectional, explanatory sequential mixed method among 303 surveyed respondents and 15 interview participants in the selected hospitals in Northern Ghana. Perceived risk factors for MSDs ranged from extremely high to moderate. Lack of required working equipment was rated the highest risk (x = 1.79, SD = 1.0, on a 1–5 scale, with 1 indicating an extremely high risk), followed by working in awkward positions (x = 1.88, SD = 0.95), and assuming the same posture for prolonged periods (x = 2.06, SD = 1.11). The qualitative findings further revealed an interplay of factors. Inadequate infrastructure and equipment exacerbated physical strain, while high workloads and stress (psychosocial factors) worsened these risks. The study highlights prolonged awkward postures, high work stress, and inadequate equipment/training as major contributors to MSD. It is recommended that improving ergonomic infrastructure and providing regular MSD prevention training (particularly on proper body mechanics) should be the focus of any intervention to reduce these risks.