A frugal arduino-based spirometer for low-resource settings: design, development and validation of a preliminary prototype

This study designed, prototyped and validated a spirometer that can be used as a lung screening tool, that achieves high accuracies comparable to those of other portable spirometers. This study also validated that frugal engineering could reduce the cost of devices without affecting the clinical accuracy. Whilst promising, further validation with clinical populations and better alignment with regulatory standards are needed before use in LRSs.