Local community perspectives in managing invasive Prosopis species in Southern Malawi

The rapid spread of the invasive, thorny Prosopis species (spp.), commonly referred to as Neltuma juliflora, presents a complex management challenge across Southern Malawi. Meanwhile, it poses significant ecological and socioeconomic challenges by simultaneously harming rural livelihoods and offering economic benefits, thereby requiring balanced, community-driven management strategies. In this study, we thus address a critical gap in understanding how local communities in Southern Malawi perceive and are affected by the dual ecological and socioeconomic impacts of Prosopis spp. Using data from 330 randomly selected households, this study investigated the spread of Prosopis spp., focusing on community perspectives and socioeconomic effects in the region. The findings reveal that Prosopis spp. is propagated through multiple pathways, including livestock movements, human activity, wind, water, and wildlife. Its presence has produced a dual set of outcomes: severe negative effects such as injuries to humans and livestock, loss of farmland, and obstruction of traditional mobility routes, alongside positive contributions as a source of fuel, fodder, and income. This complex duality explains why most communities prefer managing rather than eradicating Prosopis spp., recognizing both its considerable harms and its economic value. Addressing the challenge requires nuanced and collaborative community-driven strategies that balance long-term ecological control with immediate livelihood needs of local community. Promoting alternative sources of fuel, fodder, and income, restoring invaded landscapes, and enhancing community awareness should be explored in controlling the invasive Prosopis spp. Moreover, integrated management plans, stakeholder partnerships, ongoing research, and supportive policies will be critical to support this transition. With careful local level coordination, management plans, strategic land zoning, local communities in Chikwawa, Nsanje, and Phalombe districts can contain the spread of Prosopis spp., minimise ecological damage, and sustain vulnerable rural livelihoods.