Navigating obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic advances

Innovations in immunotherapy and targeted biologics hold promise for refractory OAPS; however, large trials are needed to confirm their safety and efficacy during pregnancy. Future management is likely to involve biomarker-driven strategies, incorporating machine learning to enhance prediction and individualization of treatment. The development of standardized diagnostic criteria and risk assessment tools, alongside multidisciplinary collaboration, will be crucial in advancing care, ultimately transforming maternal-fetal health outcomes.