Fabrication and Drag Reduction Performance of Flexible Bio-Inspired Micro-Dimple Film

The flexible micro-structured surface found in biological skins exhibits remarkable drag reduction properties, inspiring applications in the aerospace industry, underwater exploration, and pipeline transportation. To address the challenge of efficiently replicating such structures, this study presents a composite flexible polymer film with a bio-inspired micro-dimple array, fabricated via an integrated process of precision milling, polishing, and micro-injection molding using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). We systematically investigated the influence of key injection parameters on the shape accuracy and surface quality of the film. The experimental results show that polishing technology can significantly reduce mold core surface roughness, thereby enhancing film replication accuracy. Among the parameters, melt temperature and holding time exerted the most significant effects on shape precision <i>PV</i> and bottom roughness <i>R</i>_a, while injection speed showed the least influence. Under optimized conditions of a melt temperature of 180 °C, injection speed of 60 mm/s, holding pressure of 7 MPa, and holding time of 13 s, the film achieved a micro-structure shape accuracy of 13.502 μm and bottom roughness of 0.033 μm. Numerical simulation predicted a maximum drag reduction rate of 10.26%, attributable to vortex cushion effects within the dimples. This performance was experimentally validated in a flow velocity range of 0.6-2 m/s, with the discrepancy between simulated and measured drag reduction kept within 5%, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed manufacturing route for flexible bio-inspired drag reduction film.