Impact of obstructive lung disease and sleep apnea symptoms on cardiovascular risk and all-cause mortality: insights from a community-dwelling cohort

CAO and EDS emerged as independent predictors of mortality, while the coexistence of CAO and snoring conferred synergistic risk. These findings highlight the need to recognize OSA symptoms in patients with obstructive lung disease, as they may identify a vulnerable subgroup at heightened risk. Future studies using objective sleep assessments are warranted to clarify mechanisms and guide preventive strategies.