Current advances in the bioactivity, biosynthesis, and production enhancement strategies of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate from <em>M</em> <em>oringa</em> <em>oleracea</em> Lam.: A comprehensive review

Folate, primarily derived from plants, plays a crucial role in plant growth and metabolism, and is closely associated with human health, including the prevention of birth defects, maintenance of neurological and fetal health, and treatment of anemia. Owing to its diverse biological activities, folate has been widely applied in the fields of medicine and food. Moringa (<em>Moringa oleifera</em> Lam.) is currently recognized as the plant with the highest known folate content and is extensively utilized in folate-related research. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) is the only folate derivative that can directly participate in the methylation cycle, addressing the unmet needs of populations for whom synthetic folate is ineffective. However, 5-MTHF is present in plants at low levels and is challenging to extract. Consequently, with advancements in synthetic biology, novel approaches have emerged to provide greener, more efficient, and stable production pathways for 5-MTHF. This article systematically reviews the classification, biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways of folate, with a focus on biological strategies to enhance 5-MTHF production, aiming to deepen the understanding of its functional value. The review seeks to offer innovative perspectives for food science, nutrition, and related industries, while also exploring solutions for populations with special needs.