Ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin type A for shoulder pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Our meta-analysis has shown ultrasound-guided BoNT-A injections have potential benefits for reducing shoulder pain and improving upper limb function, range of motion, and quality of life. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously due to small sample size, measured differences, substantial heterogeneity and possible publication bias. More high-quality studies with large sample size are needed to assess long-term efficacy, strengthening the evidence that ultrasound-guided BoNT-A facilitates the reduction of shoulder pain.