A Comprehensive Review on Hamming Code Architectures and Their Implementation Across Modern Digital Technologies

Reliable data communication and storage have become essential in modern digital systems, where increasing circuit density and operating speeds make error correction a critical design requirement. Among various error control techniques, hamming code remains one of the most widely adopted solutions due to its simplicity, low redundancy, and effective single-error correction and double-error detection capability. This review presents a comprehensive examination of Hamming code architectures across FPGA, HDL, CMOS, GDI, CNTFET, QCA, and emerging AI-assisted platforms. The analysis covers design methodologies, implementation techniques, and system-level integration strategies derived from a broad collection of existing research works. The study further explores practical applications of Hamming code in communication systems, memory, and storage devices, IoT and automotive systems, biomedical electronics, and intelligent embedded platforms Recent advancements in low power logic families, nanoscale technologies, and machine learning based decoders demonstrate the continuous evolution and adaptability of Hamming-based error control schemes. The Obtained results establish Hamming code as a foundational and future relevant error correction mechanism capable of supporting high- performance, energy-efficient, and fault-tolerant system design across a wide spectrum of emerging digital technologies.