Intraoperative methylene blue testing for female urethral diverticulum: diagnostic value and surgical outcomes

Methylene blue-assisted cystourethroscopy is a simple, accurate, and low-cost adjunct that enhances intraoperative diagnosis and localization of female UD. It may be helpful in resource-limited settings. However, its role remains adjunctive, as it cannot replace MRI in defining complex anatomy. The small sample size, retrospective design, and inconsistent imaging represent key limitations. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.