Essential Oils as an Alternative to Synthetic Antiseptics in Cosmetics and Personal Care Products

Essential oils (EOs) are volatile aromatic compounds highly valued in cosmetics due to their multifunctional biological activity and long history of use. Because of their rich chemical composition and wide spectrum of action, EOs protect the skin, support regeneration, and serve as natural preservatives. Historically, plants rich in EOs were used to refresh and soothe the skin, and Cleopatra is often mentioned as an early example of their use. Today, EOs are extensively incorporated into cosmetics due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and regenerative properties. Their complex composition enables them to function both as natural preservatives and as active agents that promote skin health. Growing concerns over the safety of synthetic preservatives have driven consumers toward plant-based alternatives, increasing interest in EO-based formulations. Modern techniques such as nanoencapsulation and polymeric carrier systems are now used to enhance the stability, bioavailability, and safety of these oils, reducing potential skin irritation. However, challenges remain due to compositional variability, limited toxicological data, and regulatory complexity. Despite these issues, EOs continue to be regarded as promising eco-friendly ingredients for next-generation cosmetics. This review covers their chemical diversity, biological properties and potential as natural antiseptics compared with conventional synthetic agents, underlining recent advances made in their cosmetic applications.