Synthetic Strategies for Nitramines: From Energetic Materials to Atmospheric Byproducts

Nitramines are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the formula R1R2N–NO2. They are well-known as explosives and have been produced industrially for more than a century. A few nitramine-containing natural products have also been identified in recent years. Nitramines have also found their way into specific synthetic procedures, usually as intermediates, and for the last decades, the implementation of amine-based carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to mitigate CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion is of particular concern since small amounts are produced. Both environmental and health implications are of particular interest, and little is known today. The need for efficient and safe synthetic procedures is, therefore, vital for further research in the field. The present review gives a detailed summary of published methods and research post-millennium. Many new as well as well-established methods are presented. Representative examples with basic conditions and yields are given. Finally, indications for future research are discussed.