Changes in the Electrochemical and Chemical Properties of Flooded Soils in Southern Brazil: A Systematic Review Case Study

Abstract Flooding alters soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, influencing nutrient availability for crops in inundated environments, such as flooded rice. This study provides a systematic review of published data on changes in electrochemical parameters (pH, redox potential – Eh, electrical conductivity – EC) and nutrient concentrations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Fe and Mn) in soils in general and specifically in Gleysols and Planosols from Southern Brazil. During the first 10 days after flooding (DAF), soil pH increases on average by 0.6 units, EC rises by 469 μS cm −1 , and Eh decreases, affecting nutrient mobility and availability. In the first 10 DAF, Gleysols show an average pH increase of 1.2 units, an EC increase of 2979 μS cm −1 , and a P increase of 2.5 mg L −1 . In Planosols, average increases were smaller: pH increases by 1 unit, EC increases by 514 μS cm −1 , while Mn and K levels increase by 22 and 5 mg L −1 , respectively. These results show that the effects of flooding on electrochemical and chemical soil properties vary according to soil type, with direct implications for flooded rice management and fertilization strategies. Proper interpretation depends on accurate soil sampling and region-specific agronomic recommendations, promoting greater nutrient-use efficiency. Information © The Authors 2026