Drug-assisted synthesis of copper nanoparticles and their induction of cuproptosis and necrosis for breast cancer therapy

Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, contributes to multiple pathological processes, including pain, chronic inflammation, and cancer (Gutierrez et al., 2019; Robinson et al., 2023). Current reports and our previous work have proven that NK1R is highly expressed in many cancer cells, such as colorectal cancer and leukemia, and that targeted blocking of NK1R can effectively inhibit tumor cell proliferation (Li XQ et al., 2013; Li JY et al., 2016; Ge et al., 2019; Shi et al., 2021). In addition, GPCRs have been found not only in the plasma membrane but also in the membranes of endosomes and lysosomes with endocytosis (Irannejad et al., 2017; Yarwood et al., 2017), which is more pronounced in cancer cells with highly developed lysosomes (Ramírez-García et al., 2019).