Analysis of Environmental Quality in Green Open Space (RTH) for Sustainable Urban Planning in Makassar, Indonesia

This study aims to assess the environmental quality of Green Open Spaces (RTH) in Makassar City, Indonesia, and evaluate their contribution to sustainable urban spatial planning. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative techniques, and supported by Geographic Information System (GIS)-based spatial analysis to examine the distribution, area, and quality of RTH using spatial data and satellite imagery. An urban ecological perspective was also applied to explore the role of RTH in enhancing urban ecological balance, including climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and the provision of natural habitats. The results indicate that several RTH areas—such as Pakui Park, Macan Park, Hasanuddin Park, and the private forest of Bukit Baruga—demonstrate good environmental quality, characterized by high vegetation cover, excellent air and surface water quality, and minimal environmental disturbance. However, from a quantitative standpoint, the total RTH coverage in Makassar reached only 11.47% of the city's area in 2023, falling significantly short of the 30% target set by Law No. 26/2007. Oxygen demand analysis and national standards suggest that the optimal RTH coverage should range between 13.37% and 30.93% of the total urban area. These findings highlight the critical need for integrating spatial data and ecological approaches into urban spatial planning to reinforce both the ecological and social functions of RTH. Expanding the coverage and improving the quality of green spaces are essential strategies for fostering a sustainable, climate-resilient, and livable urban environment in Makassar.