The relationship between college students’ perceived physical education environment and student engagement: a latent profile and structural equation modeling analysis

This study identifies that perceived teacher support and academic self-efficacy are key mechanisms linking the perceived PE environment to students' class engagement, and this sequential mechanism is particularly important in the context of low perceived PE environment. The results of this study emphasize the practical significance of strengthening school PE environments and resources, improving teachers' guidance and support, and fostering students' academic self-efficacy for enhancing students' class engagement.