Integrated green smart grids for high-speed rail transit systems

The integration of green technologies in smart grids is changing the concept of global energy systems. It is not only improving energy efficiency and reducing carbon footprints but also enhancing grid sustainability. They include integrated renewable energy resources (RES), such as wind and solar, distributed energy resources (DER), and functionalities such as energy storage (EST), optimization using artificial intelligence (AI), smart metering, and load management. Adoption of these technologies not only changes the global supply system but also affects the operation of high-speed railways (HSR) massively. Fast adoption of smart technologies raises an alarming concern of cyber security in HSR systems. In view of increasing energy demands and specific operational constraints of HSR systems, this paper provides a comprehensive review of these green technologies and their applicability. It examines the implementation of these technologies, highlighting their role in enhancing the resilience and sustainability of HSR supply systems. Furthermore, the review explores the key technical challenges associated with integration, such as RES intermittency and cybersecurity vulnerabilities specific to rail infrastructure. This review synthesizes key developments and practical applications in the rail sector. This paper provides a valuable resource for researchers interested in developing cleaner and resilient transport systems.