Evaluation of the effects of poppy capsule waste on bio-based epoxy flooring

Purpose In this study, poppy capsule waste (PCW) was incorporated into a bio-based epoxy resin (BER) containing 27% biocarbon at weight ratios of 0.5%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 10% to produce composite coatings. The resulting coatings were evaluated for adhesion, mechanical properties, thermal performance, surface properties, wettability and water absorption. This study aims to provide a new application for natural waste and to improve the performance properties of BERs, such as adhesion. Design/methodology/approach Epoxy resins are widely used in structural applications due to their high adhesion strength, corrosion resistance and mechanical durability. One of the most used types is a synthetic epoxy resin produced through the reaction of bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin. However, concerns regarding the endocrine-disrupting effects of such materials have increased interest in safer alternatives for human health and the environment. In this context, BERs derived from plant-based sources such as soybean and castor oil offer more environmentally friendly options, as they are modified through epoxidation processes. Today, the reuse of natural and industrial waste has gained significant importance in promoting sustainable production approaches and reducing environmental impact. This trend is also reflected in recent research on epoxy-based material systems. Findings Adhesion, mechanical properties, thermal performance, surface properties, wettability and water absorption properties of composites containing increasing amounts of PCW were investigated. While thermal resistance showed slight improvement with PCW addition, significant enhancements were observed in wettability and pull-off strength. Surface morphology analysis revealed particle agglomeration from the outer surface toward the interior as the PCW ratio increased. Based on these findings, it is suggested that epoxy resins combined with PCW have potential for use in the construction industry. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first to explore the use of PCW as a functional filler in BER systems. The findings provide new insights into the development of sustainable composite materials with enhanced surface and adhesion properties, supporting the reuse of agricultural waste in structural applications.