Biomechanical analysis of stair walking patterns and their implications for knee health in young males

Double-Step Mode increased step length, hip mobility, and quadriceps activation without significantly elevating knee joint forces, supporting knee stability under higher mechanical demands. From a public health perspective, stair walking may enhance lower-limb muscle engagement and potentially contribute to the maintenance of balance control and mobility, while Single-Step Mode may be safer for individuals with knee impairments by minimizing joint stress and supporting rehabilitation.