Self-regulated pacing in biathlon: how shooting impacts skiing strategy compared to cross-country skiing

Abstract Purpose Biathlon, a unique combination of cross-country skiing and precision rifle shooting, offers an intriguing subject for the study of pacing behavior. We examined the impact of shooting on pacing behavior in highly trained biathletes. Methods Twenty senior biathletes completed one biathlon and one cross-country skiing trial on separate days in a randomized order. Both trials covered a distance of 7.5 km (3 × 2.5 km for women) or 10 km (3 × 3.3 km for men) on rollerskies. During biathlon, shooting after lap 1 (prone) and lap 2 (standing) was conducted. Time, speed profiles, heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and pre and post pacing questionnaires (4- and 6-point scales) were compared between conditions. Results During cross-country skiing, athletes were faster overall (mean ± 95%CI; −6.5 ± 1.2% and -1.5 ± 1.0%, including and excluding shooting, respectively), which was attributed to a reduction in speed in the last ~ 60 s prior to shooting. No significant differences were found in HR or RPE, except after shooting. The athletes recognized the importance of shooting in their race strategy (Mdn = 5, IQR = 1.1) and reported an intentional reduction in exercise intensity before prone and standing shooting. Conclusions The act of shooting influences the pacing behavior in biathlon as evidenced by decrease in speed ⁓60 s prior to shooting, while maintaining similar pacing elsewhere. Moreover, the pacing behavior align better with pre-trial goals compared to cross-country skiing. No significant differences were observed in HR or RPE during the race, suggesting that the overall effort did not differ between disciplines.