Investigating the landscape of cognitive enhancers use among future physicians: Findings from a developing Middle Eastern country

Cognitive enhancers (CE) are substances frequently used to enhance cognitive capabilities, especially in demanding environments, such as medical schools. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate students' knowledge, attitudes toward, and usage of CEs. Data was collected from 350 medical students through an online questionnaire. Around (22.3%) of participants were found to be users of prescription pills as CEs, with beta-blockers and nasal decongestants being the most frequently abused substances (16.3%). Lifetime usage of prescription pills as CEs was associated with usage of natural supplements (<i>p</i> < 0.05, OR: 2.01), tobacco smoking (<i>p</i> < 0.05, OR: 2.79) and low concentration rating (<i>p</i> < 0.05, OR: 0.66). The majority (66.9%) first heard about CEs from the internet or their family and friends. While around (38%) considered using CEs to improve their attention and concentration, around (35.1%) refused to due to concerns regarding their safety. Our study has shown that Jordanian medical students use cognitive enhancers in their various forms, including psychostimulant drugs. However, given their unproven efficacy, safety and possible ethical and public health implications of their usage, concerns arise as these students will become medical practitioners and in charge of drug prescriptions. Accordingly, this should prompt policymakers to implement educational initiatives to spread awareness.