Bias at the Bedside: A Comprehensive Review of Racial, Sexual, and Gender Minority Experiences and Provider Attitudes in Healthcare

Healthcare inequities arise from interconnected, interpersonal, and structural mechanisms. Addressing these disparities requires multilevel interventions targeting provider training, institutional policy reform, and system-level barriers. Integrating both patient and provider perspectives is essential for developing equitable, affirming models of care and improving health outcomes for racial/ethnic and SGM populations.