Randomized trial and multi-omics, machine learning–based mechanistic exploration of daixie decoction granules in type 2 diabetes

Clinically, DDG used as add-on therapy to metformin produced a modest but statistically significant improvement in glycemic control in patients with inadequately controlled T2DM. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that DDG may act through a multi-target network spanning inflammatory (P2RX7, IL1B), insulin/metabolic (PTPN1, AKT2, CD38), oxidative-endothelial (NFE2L2, NOS3) and vascular-resolution (MERTK) axes, generating testable mechanistic hypotheses for future experimental studies.