Skull Base Virtual Reality Surgical Simulator Integrating Multilayered 3D Photorealistic Anatomic Models With 3D Imaging and Segmentations: Transpetrosal Approaches

Automatic alignment of 3D models created by photogrammetry and 3D renderings of diagnostic imaging in a VR environment illustrates the surgical steps of complex transpetrosal approaches. The proposed algorithm to create a surgical simulator is not technically demanding, features a semiautomated workflow, and can be used to present complex surgical approaches that require 3D understanding.