Cosimulation of glenohumeral contact mechanics and multibody dynamics

Direct measurement of <i>in vivo</i> glenohumeral joint motion and contact mechanics remains challenging. This study evaluated feasibility of co-simulation of glenohumeral contact and dynamics using best available anatomical and biomechanical data. We augmented an existing shoulder model to include joint contact, passive stabilizers, and three additional translational degrees of freedom. Anthropometric scaling and Monte Carlo analysis were used to examine how subject-specific factors affect joint mechanics during scaption. Model predictions aligned with experimental data, with height and shoulder strength emerging as key predictors. These findings support the utility of co-simulation modeling and highlight importance of individual variability in shoulder loading.