Prevalence of Depression among Working Mothers in Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Depression remains one of the most burdensome global mental health conditions, disproportionately impacting women due to gender roles, societal expectations, and workplace inequalities, and other intersecting factors. In Lebanon and the broader Arab region, the increasing participation of women in the workforce contrasts with cultural norms that traditionally position them as homemakers. However, little is known about how these challenges contribute to depression among working mothers in Lebanon. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of depression among Lebanese working mothers aged 18 and older between June and October 2019. Data were collected using a selfadministered survey, incorporating sociodemographic information and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). Statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS, version 21). Results: Based on BDI scores, 36.3% of the 405 participants exhibited depression, with severity ranging from borderline to extreme. Protective factors included engaging in exercise, yoga, or meditation (OR=0.62, p=0.015). Conversely, women with a prior depression diagnosis (OR=2.79, p=0.002) or psychological trauma within the past three years (OR=2.93, p<0.001) had significantly higher odds for depression. Work-related stressors, specifically employment for reasons other than personal fulfillment (OR=2.55, p<0.001) and job-home conflicts (OR=2.53, p<0.001), were also associated with an increased risk. Conclusion: The findings underscore the urgent need for workplace interventions, mental health policies, and cultural shifts to help working mothers in Lebanon and the Arab region balance their professional and family responsibilities.