Diagnosis of urinary tract infections in the pediatric population – current practices, advances and progress

Novel diagnostics include ultra-sensitive biosensors at point-of-care level and light-scattering, advanced microscopy and molecular techniques at laboratory level and have achieved reliable pathogen identification and provision of antibiotic susceptibility testing within hours instead of days. Less progress has been made in host-response approaches, based mostly on urine biomarkers, which nevertheless remain a promising field. Prediction models based on artificial intelligence (AI) methods are developing fast and with the combination of all information relevant to UTI can significantly contribute to individualized patient-tailored predictions.