Mechanisms of deformation and failure in colluvial slope under artificial surcharge loading

Large-scale artificial surcharge loading often triggers landslides in colluvial deposits, yet the mechanical response and failure mechanisms of such slopes under loading remain insufficiently understood. Using a typical colluvial slope in Tibet as a case study, this research integrates physical model tests and FLAC3D simulations to investigate loading-induced deformation and failure processes. Analogous materials composed of river sand, barite powder, calcium carbonate powder, and water were prepared, and multiple regression analysis was used to establish empirical relationships between mix ratios and the resulting cohesion and internal friction angle, yielding high similarity ([Formula: see text]). Under loading, the slope exhibits maximum vertical and horizontal displacements of 40 mm and 50 mm, respectively, with shear stress concentrated along the loading boundary and vertical stress penetrating deeper than horizontal stress. The slope undergoes progressive failure: loading → initial equilibrium failure → rear-edge tensile cracking → upper soil mass sliding → front-edge extrusion and bulging → sliding surface propagation → overall failure. Furthermore, the colluvial slope exhibits pronounced failure sensitivity under loading, particularly in the progressive development of rear-edge tensile cracking, toe bulging, and deep shear bands, which should be regarded as key indicators for monitoring. These findings clarify the typical loading-induced failure mechanisms of accumulation-body slopes and provide a scientific basis for early landslide identification and hazard mitigation.