Evolution Over Time of EMS Statewide Treatment Protocols on Prehospital Agitation in the United States
Changes from 2018 to 2025 in STPs reflect limited implementation of recently updated national guidelines, including increased recommendations for verbal de-escalation, limited recommendations for objective agitation assessment and patient monitoring, and increased recommendations for use of ketamine. Based on our findings, STPs have an opportunity to align with national recommendations on agitation management.
Authors
- Ambrose H. Wong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-1647)
- Amelia Breyre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3255-3107)
- C. Gettel
- David H. Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8755-1101)
- Charles Ingram
- Christie L. Fritz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0206-6164)
- A. R. Nelson
- Thomas Lardaro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4668-3842)
- Katherine C. Couturier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9744-3956)
- John Casey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0396-9856)
- Abe Tolkoff
- Devin Bartlett
- Cole Ettingoff
Institutions
- OhioHealth (US)
- Yale New Haven Hospital (US)
- Trinity School of Medicine (VC)
- Hadassah Medical Center (IL)
- Yale University (US)
- Yale New Haven Health System (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Prehospital Emergency Care
- Published
- 2026-01-05
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2025.2608105
- Primary Topic
- Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00