Bioinspired nanozymes with physical stimuli responsiveness: New frontiers in tumor immunotherapy

Bioinspired nanozymes, a class of bio-nanomaterials with enzymatic-like activity, are garnering attention due to their high stability under harsh condition, ease of preparation, and wide-range application in biomedical field. Among them physical stimuli responsive nanozymes demonstrate unique advantages including prompt remote control, precise spatial orientation, non-invasive adverse effect, and bioinert behavior without external stimuli. Moreover, the active materials produced by these nanozymes enable its application in tumor immunotherapy. This review presents recent bioinspired nanozymes with physical stimuli responsive performance for cancer immunotherapy. First, we summarize the mechanisms of physical responsive nanozymes, focusing on photonic-responsive, ultrasound-responsive, magnetic-responsive and force-responsive nanozymes. Additionally, it extensively introduces the preparation methods for several classical nanozymes, including single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metals, metal oxides and other backbone nanozyme. Furthermore, we elaborate on the diverse applications of these bioinspired nanozymes in tumor immunotherapy by conducting in-depth research on their stimulus-response behaviors to better understand their functional roles in cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the current challenge and the great immunotherapeutic prospect of these nanozymes are presented. This review may provide a theoretical foundation and guide for future application of bioinspired physical responsive nanozymes in tumor immunotherapy. Scheme illustration of bioinspired nanozymes with physical stimuli responsiveness for tumor immunotherapy.