Traditional masculinity and aggressive behavior: the influence of gender norms and educational attainment

These findings indicate that aggression is shaped by a combination of psychological dispositions and socially reinforced gender expectations, with different masculinity dimensions uniquely associated with specific forms of aggression. The results underscore the importance of structural context, particularly educational environments, in shaping the internalization and behavioral expression of masculine norms. Interventions that promote emotional competence and critical engagement with gender roles, especially within educational settings, may help reduce male aggression and support healthier expressions of masculinity. Future research should adopt intersectional and longitudinal approaches to further clarify how gender, class, and cultural background interact to shape masculinity and its behavioral outcomes.