Zambia's relations with Western Sahara and the dilemma of its recognition

Abstract: The Republic of Zambia was among the first African nations to recognize the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) on October 12, 1979, supporting the Saharawi people's struggle against Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara. However, over the years, Zambia has shifted its position, aligning with Morocco’s sovereignty over the disputed region and even inaugurating a consulate in Laayoune, a move that sparked controversy in Zambia, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), and the African Union (AU). The study focuses on the evolution of Zambia's diplomatic relations with Western Sahara, from its recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in 1979 to its shift toward supporting Moroccan sovereignty. The aim of the work is to analyze the historical context, international and domestic political factors influencing Zambia's foreign policy shift, as well as to examine the consequences of this change for the region and the international community. The research methodology includes qualitative analysis based on the study of diplomatic documents, official statements, and analytical publications, which allows for identifying the dynamics of Zambia's position development. The results indicate that Zambia's policy shift is linked to Morocco's intensified economic diplomacy, the influence of global actors, and the weakening position of traditional SADR supporters, such as Algeria. These changes have led to a decline in regional solidarity, particularly within SADC and the AU. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the relationship between Zambia's foreign policy changes and the broader geopolitical transformation of the African continent. The authors conclude that pragmatism and economic interests increasingly prevail over historical solidarity, highlighting the challenges for anti-colonial ideals. The study's conclusion emphasizes how Morocco's economic and diplomatic strategy is shaping a new field of interaction in Africa, underscoring the need for a balanced approach to resolving the Western Sahara conflict.