Sustainable Insect Pest Management in Cotton Cultivation: A Review of Challenges and Integrated Approaches for Maharashtra, India

Abstract— Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a vital commercial crop in Maharashtra, contributing substantially to the agricultural economy and rural livelihoods. However, chronic insect pest infestations, particularly by bollworm complexes and sucking pests, threaten productivity. Overreliance on chemical pesticides has led to resistance development, ecological imbalances, and environmental and health hazards. This review synthesizes current knowledge on sustainable pest management strategies for cotton in Maharashtra, with emphasis on Integrated Pest Management (IPM). We examine the status of major pests, limitations of conventional practices, and evidence-based sustainable alternatives. Key findings highlight that while Bt cotton initially reduced bollworm pressure, field-evolved resistance in pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) has diminished its efficacy. IPM approaches integrating cultural, biological, botanical, and judicious chemical methods show promise in reducing pesticide dependence while maintaining yields. However, adoption barriers persist, including knowledge gaps and infrastructural constraints. The review concludes that farmer education, participatory extension, and supportive policies are crucial for scaling sustainable pest management in Maharashtra's cotton belt.