Targeting Ferroptosis to Restore Salivary Gland Homeostasis in an Obesity Model

Obesity is a systemic metabolic disorder that is known to impair various organ systems; however, its precise impact on salivary gland homeostasis remains unclear. Recent studies have implicated ferroptosis-an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress-in glandular dysfunction. In this study, we used leptin-deficient (<i>ob</i>/<i>ob</i>) mice to elucidate the role of ferroptosis in obesity-associated salivary gland pathology. The protective effects of ferroptosis inhibition were evaluated by administering ferrostatin-1 (a lipid reactive oxygen species [ROS] scavenger) and deferoxamine (an iron chelator) for an 8-week period. Obese mice exhibited significantly increased body weight, food intake, and hyperglycemia. These systemic changes are accompanied by profound histological alterations in the salivary glands, including lipid droplet accumulation, acinar atrophy, and mitochondrial ultrastructural damage. These alterations correlate with the hallmarks of ferroptotic injury, including increased ROS levels (<i>p</i> < 0.001), elevated malondialdehyde levels (<i>p</i> < 0.01), suppressed glutathione peroxidase 4 activity (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and iron overload (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Salivary gland fibrosis, inflammation, and secretory dysfunction were evident, characterized by the upregulation of TGF-β (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and Collagen I (<i>p</i> < 0.05), reduced expression of aquaporin-5 and amylase, and dysregulated levels of autophagy-related markers (LC3B and p62). Treatment with either ferrostatin-1 or deferoxamine significantly mitigated these pathologies; however, the degree of efficacy varied depending on the specific parameters that were examined. Thus, our findings implicate ferroptosis as a critical contributor to salivary gland dysfunction in obesity and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of this pathway represents a viable therapeutic strategy for preserving glandular integrity under metabolic stress.