Polymeric Wound Dressings: from Classic Hydrogels to Self-Healing Systems

The skin, as the largest organ, serves as a crucial barrier against external threats, and its repair in complex wounds such as diabetic ulcers and burns remains a major clinical challenge. Polymeric hydrogel dressings have gained prominence in wound care due to their biocompatibility, moisture retention, and ability to deliver therapeutic agents. However, conventional hydrogels are often limited by poor mechanical strength and lack of responsiveness. Recent advances have led to the development of self-healing hydrogels, which incorporate dynamic reversible bonds (e.g., Schiff base, boronate esters) to autonomously repair structural damage, enhance durability, and conform to irregular wound beds. Furthermore, integration of bioactive components such as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and growth factors has transformed these dressings from passive barriers into active, multifunctional platforms that accelerate healing. This review outlines the evolution from classical hydrogels to smart self-healing systems, highlights key mechanisms and applications, and discusses future directions for next-generation wound dressings.