Review on Role of Biosecurity in the Production of Safety and Quality Milk in Dairy Farms of Ethiopia

Biosecurity in dairy farming encompasses a set of practical management and operational measures designed to prevent the introduction, establishment and spread of infectious diseases, toxins and other contaminants within and between farms. It aims to safeguard animal health, milk quality, and public health by creating a controlled environment where biological risks are minimized. Effective biosecurity involves proper farm design, controlled animal movement, disinfection procedures, pest and rodent management and the maintenance of hygienic milking and feeding practices. The well-being, nutrition and care of dairy animals such as cattle, buffalo, goats, and sheep directly determine the safety, composition, and market value of milk and other dairy products. When animals are stressed, malnourished, or poorly managed, they become more susceptible to diseases that can compromise productivity and contaminate milk with pathogens or residues. Likewise, unhygienic milking, storage, or transport practices increase the risk of spoilage and milk-borne infections, endangering consumer health. Globally, biosecurity is recognized as a cornerstone of the One Health framework, which emphasizes the interdependence of animal health, human health and environmental sustainability. However, in Ethiopia, the adoption of biosecurity measures remains limited due to smallholder production systems, inadequate veterinary support, lack of awareness and infrastructural constraints. Strengthening biosecurity practices through farmer education, extension services and policy enforcement is therefore essential. Enhanced biosecurity will not only improve animal welfare and milk quality but also ensure food safety, support sustainable livelihoods and boost the competitiveness of Ethiopia’s dairy sector in domestic and export markets.