The global burden of lower respiratory infections attributable to smoking and secondhand smoke, 1990–2021, with projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the GBD 2021 study

Despite a global decline in the burden of LRIs attributable to smoking and secondhand smoke, significant inequalities persist. Future tobacco control must be targeted to high-risk regions and populations, particularly children under 5 years old exposed to secondhand smoke and older adults affected by both smoking and secondhand smoke, in order to further reduce the burden of LRIs.