Exploring Indigenous Knowledge and Practices: Cultural and Ecological Dimensions of Spice Diversity in Hadiya and Kambata-Tembaro, Central Ethiopia

This study investigates the indigenous knowledge and cultural traditions linked to spice diversity in Hadiya and Kambata-Tembaro Zones, Ethiopia. Using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations, the research emphasizes the central role of women in preserving and applying this knowledge. A total of 35 spice species mainly herbaceous, with Lamiaceae as the dominant family were identified. The findings underscore the importance of homegardens as hubs for agrobiodiversity and intergenerational knowledge transmission. Spices serve not only culinary purposes but also medicinal and ritual functions, reflecting their deep cultural significance. Community rankings and food preparation practices showed that spice value is rooted in both health benefits and symbolic meaning. The study also exposes gender and economic inequalities, noting women’s limited access to land, resources, and decision-making, despite their critical role. It advocates for gender-equitable and culturally sensitive policies to protect traditional ecological knowledge. Furthermore, it calls for locally driven conservation efforts and interdisciplinary research to ensure sustainable spice cultivation. Overall, the research contributes to global discussions on preserving biocultural heritage and supports empowering indigenous communities especially women as vital stewards of biodiversity and cultural continuity amid environmental and social transformations.