Exosome-based layered double hydroxide nanohybrids from adipose-derived stem cells enhance dermal wound healing

Exosomes are rapidly emerging as a novel field in wound healing. Wound healing is a complex phenomenon characterized by a series of dynamic physiological functions. Despite the promising benefits of using exosomes for wound healing, many challenges remain to be addressed. Advances in nanotechnology and regenerative medicine have led to the development of hybrid systems that combine the advantageous properties of exosomes and nanoparticles, significantly enhancing wound healing outcomes. In this study, exosomes were isolated from human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs). Layered double hydroxide (LDH) was synthesized, and LDH/Exosome (LDH/Exo) nanohybrids were prepared. Following the successful characterization of exosomes, the LDH/Exo nanohybrid was assessed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Our results showed that the LDH enabled the sustained release of the exosomes, especially during the early stage. Cell viability and scratch assay analyses were performed to evaluate the potential of LDH/Exo nanohybrid systems in wound healing. Also, a dose-dependent reduction in bacterial growth indicated the antimicrobial activity. The results demonstrated that the chemical structures and morphology of exosomes remained intact. Additionally, the LDH/Exo nanohybrids showed no cytotoxic effects on the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. The highest rate of wound closure was achieved in the LDH/Exo (100 and 125 µg) groups. This paper, for the first time, explores the potential of LDH/Exosome nanohybrid systems in wound healing.