Integrated climate governance framework for forest fire management: A hypothetical application in Indonesia

The escalating risks of forest fires, intensified by climate change particularly those linked to anthropogenic factors such as tourist behavior in Bromo, Indonesia underscore the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of stakeholder support for preventive and adaptive management strategies. This study employs an Integrated Climate Governance (ICG) framework to evaluate tourist values and their willingness to pay (WTP) for forest fire management interventions. A Choice Experiment was utilized to present respondents with structured trade-offs concerning key management attributes, and a Latent Class Model (LCM) was implemented to identify distinct preference segments. Three tourist classes emerged from the analysis. Class 1 (55.5%) exhibited a strong WTP for advanced green area management while demonstrating limited support for moderate ecological enhancements. Class 2 (31%) articulated clear preferences for basic early warning systems and effective evacuation facilities, emphasizing practical and accessible safety measures. Conversely, Class 3 (13.5%) displayed WTP estimates that could not be statistically identified, indicating the need for further investigation into the preferences and decision-making tendencies of this cohort. Across all classes, a higher monthly income consistently predicted an increased WTP, reflecting a greater willingness among affluent tourists to contribute financially to fire management initiatives. Overall, the findings indicate that the ICG framework effectively captures heterogeneous tourist preferences and their associated economic implications. By highlighting differentiated priorities among tourist groups, the study reinforces the importance of tailoring fire management strategies to specific user segments and leveraging contributions from higher-income visitors to support critical safety investments. These insights provide a foundation for developing more targeted, equitable, and financially sustainable forest fire management policies in climate-vulnerable tourism destinations.