A STUDY ON THE PREVENTION OF NODE CLONE ATTACK SECURE AND ENERGY EFFICIENT ALGORITHMS IN WSN

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a transformative technology with wide-ranging applications in environmental monitoring, healthcare, military surveillance, smart agriculture, industrial automation, and disaster management. A typical WSN consists of a large number of small, low-cost sensor nodes that are deployed in hostile or unattended environments to sense, process, and transmit data to a base station or sink node. Despite their usefulness, WSNs are highly vulnerable to security threats due to their inherent characteristics such as limited computational power, constrained memory, low energy resources, wireless communication medium, and often unattended deployment. Among the various security attacks that threaten WSNs, the node clone attack, also known as the replication attack, is considered one of the most severe and challenging attacks. In this attack, an adversary captures a legitimate sensor node, extracts its secret credentials, and creates multiple replicas or clones of that node, which are then deployed back into the network. These cloned nodes possess valid identities and cryptographic keys, enabling them to participate in network operations as legitimate nodes, thereby causing serious damage to network security, data integrity, and network performance. The impact of node clone attacks on WSNs is profound because cloned nodes can disrupt routing protocols, manipulate sensed data, launch denial-of-service attacks, create routing loops, selectively drop packets, or even partition the network. Since the replicas use the same ID as the original node, traditional security mechanisms such as authentication and encryption often fail to detect them. Furthermore, due to the resource-constrained nature of sensor nodes, implementing complex security mechanisms is impractical. Therefore, the prevention and detection of node clone attacks require secure yet energy-efficient algorithms that can operate effectively within the limitations of WSNs. Achieving a balance between security strength and energy consumption is a critical research challenge in this domain.