DANP- TOE Model to Identify Factors Influencing Digital Government Application in Africa

Although digital government holds significant promise for enhancing administrative efficiency, transparency, and citizen engagement, its implementation across Africa remains fragmented and insufficiently assessed. This study addresses these challenges by integrating the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory-based Analytic Network Process (DANP) with the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework to identify, prioritize, and analyze the critical success factors (CSFs) influencing digital government applications in Africa. The TOE model structures the determinants into technological, organizational, and environmental dimensions, while DANP captures their complex causal relationships and relative weights. Empirical data were collected from 56 experts across 25 African countries, representing government, academia, the private sector, and civil society. Results indicate that organizational enablers, particularly training and capacity building, institutional commitment, and change management, exert the strongest causal influence, supported by technological drivers such as interoperability and infrastructure readiness, and environmental factors like government policy support and political stability. The integrated DANP–TOE model provides a comprehensive measurement framework that addresses context-specific realities, offering policymakers a decision-support tool to assess readiness, monitor progress, and design targeted interventions. By quantifying interdependencies among success factors, the study advances theoretical understanding of digital governance while delivering actionable insights for strengthening transparency, accountability, and public service delivery in Africa. This systemic approach highlights the dual significance of institutional reforms and contextual adaptation, positioning the DANP–TOE model as a robust foundation for sustainable digital transformation across the continent.