Longitudinal analysis of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-1 and different SARS-CoV-2 strains in breakthrough and unvaccinated COVID-19 patients in Thailand (2021-2022)

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that evade immune responses poses challenges to effective prevention. We prospectively enrolled 111 COVID-19 patients in Thailand (2021-2022), who received homologous or heterologous vaccines or were unvaccinated. Plasma neutralizing antibody (nAb) levels against SARS-CoV-1 and 13 SARS-CoV-2 strains were measured using a multiplex surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) assay within a year. nAb levels increased in two weeks, showing strong inhibition against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and non-omicron variants, but not against SAR-CoV-1 and lower responses to omicron variants. nAb levels declined by the day 60. Breakthrough patients with heterologous vaccines had higher nAb levels compared to other groups. nAb levels were lower in breakthrough patients with pneumonia than those with other conditions. Notably, breakthrough patients aged ≥60 showed rapid declines in antibody levels. Our findings highlight diverse immune responses influenced by immunization, age, and clinical conditions, underscoring the need for tailored vaccination strategies against evolving variants.

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Journal
Scientific Reports
Published
2026-01-03
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33388-7
Primary Topic
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

Longitudinal analysis of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-1 and different SARS-CoV-2 strains in breakthrough and unvaccinated COVID-19 patients in Thailand (2021-2022)

Wasun Chantratita, Priyanka Abraham, S Dunachie, Le Nguyen Truc Nhu et al.
Scientific Reports
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
article

Longitudinal analysis of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-1 and different SARS-CoV-2 strains in breakthrough and unvaccinated COVID-19 patients in Thailand (2021-2022)

Wasun Chantratita, Priyanka Abraham, S Dunachie, Le Nguyen Truc Nhu, Warangkana Chantima, Yanie Tayipto, Viravarn Luvira, Tanaya Siripoon, Mary Chambers, H.Rogier van Doorn, Guy Edward Thwaites, Chee Wah Tan, Sopon Iamsirithaworn, Phaik Yeong Cheah, E. Yvonne Jones, Vu Thi Ty Hang, Raksha Das, Lam Anh Nguyet, Narisara Chantratita, Vu Duy Thanh, Muneeswaran Selvaraj, Tran Tan Thanh, Nguyen Thi Han Ny, P. Supasa, D. I. Stuart, Vichapon Tiacharoen, C. Louise Thwaites, Anuraj H. Shankar, Lê Kim Thanh, Rungnapa Phunpang, Kanpong Boonthaworn, Ragil Dien, Pham Tieu Kieu, Adul Dulsuk, Chakkaphan Runcharoen, Barbara Kronsteiner, N. Lam Anh, Wanwisa Dejnirattisai, Prapassorn Poolchanuan, Do Duong Kim Han, Raph L Hamers, Wee Chee Yap, Tassawan Poomchaichote, Gavin Robert Screaton, Nghiêm My Ngoc, Martha Zewdie, Truong Hoang Chau Truc, Thitiya Boonprakob, Onura Hemtong, Suchada Chowplijit, Vachara Chuapaknam, Joanna Hill, Alba Grifoni, Eva Simarmata, Aiete Dijokaite-Guraliuc, N. Day, Beng Lee Lim, Trịnh Sơn Tùng, Cao Thu Thuy, Lin-Fa Wang, Vo Tan Hoang, Paul Klenerman, Tran Chieu Hoang, Watcharapong Piyaphanee, Apirak Junpirom, Chang Liu, Juthathip Mongkolsapaya, Nguyen Thi Thao, Lam Minh Yen, Le Van Tan, Suwarti Suwarti, Nguyen Thi Thu Hong, SEACOVARIANTS, Alessandro Sette
article en

Abstract

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that evade immune responses poses challenges to effective prevention. We prospectively enrolled 111 COVID-19 patients in Thailand (2021-2022), who received homologous or heterologous vaccines or were unvaccinated. Plasma neutralizing antibody (nAb) levels against SARS-CoV-1 and 13 SARS-CoV-2 strains were measured using a multiplex surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) assay within a year. nAb levels increased in two weeks, showing strong inhibition against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and non-omicron variants, but not against SAR-CoV-1 and lower responses to omicron variants. nAb levels declined by the day 60. Breakthrough patients with heterologous vaccines had higher nAb levels compared to other groups. nAb levels were lower in breakthrough patients with pneumonia than those with other conditions. Notably, breakthrough patients aged ≥60 showed rapid declines in antibody levels. Our findings highlight diverse immune responses influenced by immunization, age, and clinical conditions, underscoring the need for tailored vaccination strategies against evolving variants.

Scientific ReportsVol. 16(1)
Huachiew Chalermprakiet University (TH), La Jolla Institute for Immunology (US), Ministry of Public Health (TH), Siriraj Hospital (TH), National University of Singapore (SG), Mahidol University (TH), Angkor Hospital for Children (KH), University of Oxford (GB), Duke-NUS Medical School (SG), Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (TH), Ramathibodi Hospital (TH), La Jolla Institute For Molecular Medicine (US), Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (VN), Hospital for Tropical Diseases (VN)
Wellcome Trust, Mahidol University, National Research Council of Thailand, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University
Good health and well-being
Openalex Percentile: Top 99%
SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
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