Pro-tumorigenic effects and therapeutic implications of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes under hypoxic conditions: a systematic review

In general, the current study suggests that hypoxia-preconditioning of MSC-derived exosomes can influence specific genes, miRNAs, and signaling pathways in cancer cells, leading to increased proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as decreased apoptosis. Besides, the biological effects of hypoxia-modulated exosomes seem to be significantly context-dependent. Although they may exacerbate malignancy in cancer microenvironments, analogous pathways can also facilitate tissue repair and regeneration in non-cancerous situations.