Bilateral internal jugular vein (BIJV) sampling during surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) – scoping review of evidence and search for an optimal definition for lateralisation

BIJVS can aid localisation in parathyroid surgery. A significant lateralisation gradient may permit unilateral surgery, but a lack of gradient does not imply bilateral disease. However, the absence of a standard definition for lateralisation and inconsistent reporting limits widespread adoption of this technique.