Nanoparticles In Cancer Therapy: Advances, Challenges and Future Directions

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and conventional treatments such as Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery often face limitations including toxicity, drug resistance, and poor Selectivity. Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in cancer therapy by enabling Precise drug delivery, enhanced targeting, and reduced systemic side effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) such As liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and quantum dots offer Unique physicochemical properties that improve drug solubility, bioavailability, and controlled release. Their ability to exploit mechanisms like passive targeting through the enhanced permeability and Retention (EPR) effect and active targeting via ligand–receptor interactions significantly enhance Therapeutic efficacy. Despite promising preclinical outcomes, clinical translation remains limited due To challenges in biodistribution, biocompatibility, large-scale synthesis, and long-term safety. Continued research focusing on the optimization of nanoparticle design, toxicity evaluation, and Personalized nanomedicine may pave the way for safer and more effective cancer treatments.