The Role of Zinc in Human Physiology

Zinc (Zn) is important from body due to its role in physiological processes through its catalytic, structural, and regulatory functions defined as a trace element. Although its level is lower, Zn is maintained by a modulating system involving Zn transporters (ZnTs and ZIPs), intracellular buffering and muffling mechanisms, organellar sequestration, and Zn-binding proteins such as metallothioneins (MTs) and thionein (T). Beyond its classical role as a cofactor for metalloenzymes, Zn act intracellular signal transmitter in cell therefore influencing cell proliferation, apoptosis, neurotransmission, immune responses, and redox homeostasis. Zn-dependent zinc finger (ZF) motifs further link Zn availability to transcriptional regulation and hormone signaling pathways. Additionally, Zn modulates key signaling cascades, including Nrf 2 and NF-κB–mediated pathways, thereby contributing to antioxidant defense and inflammatory control. Disruption of Zn homeostasis has been associated with a wide range of metabolic, neurological, immunological, and endocrine disorders. This review asserts a comprehensive aspect of Zn metabolism, intracellular storage, and physiological functions, highlighting the central role of Zn in maintaining cellular and systemic homeostasis.