Injectable hydrogels for bone regeneration: mechanical reinforcement strategies using nanoparticles and nanofibers

Nanomaterial-based reinforcement offers a versatile approach to overcoming the limitations of injectable hydrogels in BTE. By providing improved structural integrity alongside biological functionality, these advanced systems broaden the potential of injectable hydrogels for clinical translation. Future work should focus on optimizing reinforcement strategies to balance mechanical enhancement with safety, manufacturability, and regulatory considerations.