Similarities and differences between Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0: Towards a transitioning model

• A comparison of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 is presented. • Similarities and differences are identified along 5 axes. • A model for transitioning from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 is proposed. • The model includes challenges, enablers, and critical success factors for this transition. • The model is based on the similarities and differences identified between Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0. • The model identifies technological, human, productive, and environmental factors. Industry 4.0 (I4.0) and Industry 5.0 (I5.0) represent milestones in global industrial development, signaling changes in the design, management, and optimization of production processes. These two industrial paradigms have also reshaped the labor market, productivity, and competitiveness. Despite their revolutionary potential, they have caused confusion among scholars, professionals, and members of society. This study seeks to reduce this confusion. Based on a systematic literature review, the study examines the similarities and differences between I4.0 and I5.0. Bibliometric data were gathered from the Scopus database for the period 2019 to 2023. The review reveals similarities and differences between I4.0 and I5.0 in terms of their technological, human, productive, and environmental dimensions. These dimensions are the bases for proposing a model for transitioning from I4.0 to I5.0, which, in addition to the dimensions identified, includes the challenges, enablers, and critical success factors. The model could serve for establishing the bases for a holistic strategy for those interested in this transition. The findings offer a structured introduction to the topic and provide value for research and practice in academia and business contexts.